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The human eye is complex, they work from the moment you wake up in a day, constantly taking all the information from the world you can see. Your eyes show a clear vision when all their components work together perfectly. Let us have an overview of our eyes, their anatomy, and the common eye conditions.

Parts Of Human Eye:

Cornea

The cornea is the layer of clear tissue at the front of the eye that acts like a main refractive surface

Tear ducts

The tear ducts are based in the upper and lower eyelids at the inner edge of each eye. The tears are secreted by lacrimal gland from the outlying, upper eyelid to the surface of the eye. Tears keep the cornea lubricated and free of debris. The tear ducts drain the tears away.

Iris and pupil

Iris forms the darkened part of the eye. It is a set of muscles which control the pupil,  and actually handles the opening in the middle of the eye. The iris adjusts the amount of light coming through the pupil.

Lens and retina

The lens lies behind the pupil. Light focuses on the retina, the light-sensitive cells on the rear of the eyeball. The retina converts optical information into electrical signals which are then sent to the optic nerve.

Optic nerve

The optic nerve is the thick bundle of nerve fibers which attach to the back of the eye. It carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

Various Conditions Of Eyes:

Refractive Errors

Refractive errors cause blurry vision, it happens when light does not focus properly on the retina. Glasses, contact lens or surgery can usually correct refractive errors, such as:

Myopia (nearsightedness): which is when distant objects look blurry.

Hyperopia (farsightedness): which is when nearby objects look blurry.

Astigmatism: which can cause blurry vision because the cornea is not adapted to direct light into the eye.

Presbyopia:  it is induced by loss of elasticity of eyes lens because of aging.

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is the case when there is increased fluid pressure inside the eye. This can cause optic nerve damage. Glaucoma can cause blindness. Age, race and family history are some of the risk factors.

Cataracts

A cataract is a state when the lens of the eye gets clouded, it causes blurry or color-tinted vision. People with cataracts often tell “haloes” surrounding the objects they’re viewing at night. This condition is most common in older adults.

(AMD) Age-related macular degeneration

It is an age-induced disease of the eyes, caused because of gradual damage of the cells of the macula. This condition is common in patients over 60 years of age. AMD causes blurry vision, especially in the center of the field of view.

Amblyopia

Commonly known as “lazy eye” happens due to poor sight development of the eyes. The brain favors the eye with better vision. Children suffering from problems of lid droop, tumor, or misaligned eyes have more chance of having amblyopia.

It is crucial to have an eye doctor test a young child whose eyes do not align or who has vision problems to make sure that the condition is properly diagnosed and treated.

Diabetic Retinopathy

It is a condition when blood vessels of retina induced by diabetes, resulting in blurred and dark spots in vision finally leading to blindness. The best way to avoid vision problems is to keep blood sugars under control and consult your eye doctor for a dilated eye exam every year.

Retinal detachment or tear

It is a condition caused when the retina separates from the back of the eye, also called detached retina causes partial or total loss of vision. But if treated as a medical emergency, it will help the patient to recover faster.

Dry Eye Syndrome

Dry eye condition causes a lack of tears. It is usually caused by a lack of tears formation, ear ducts or eyelids, or because of medication side effects. This condition can cause pain and blurry vision.

The Bottom Line

The human eyes are complex, knowing different parts of the eyes and its functions will help you understand all the problems and symptoms of the common eye conditions.

Getting an early treatment and taking good care of your eyes will help you maintain your health and life constantly.

Little Flower Hospital and Health Care Centre is the best eye-care hospital in Ernakulam. We desire to give you the best facilities and medical treatment for eye related ailments and complexities.

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The knee is a hinge joint which grants motion at a position where the thigh meets the lower leg. Knee replacement surgery or arthroplasty is a surgical procedure to rectify the knee damaged due to arthritis. Metal and plastic parts are used to cap the ends of the bones that form the knee joints, along with a prosthetic kneecap for support.

What Causes Knee Joint Disorders:

Various kinds of arthritis are the reason that causes deformation of the knee joint, here are some arthritic conditions for your awareness.

• Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that causes the breakdown of cartilage and adjacent bone in the knees.

• Rheumatoid arthritis causes inflammation of the synovial membrane and results in excess of synovial fluid, it induces pains and stiffness.

• Traumatic arthritis is an arthritic condition caused due to injury, it causes damage to the cartilage of the knee.

Knee Replacement Surgery Procedure:

The thigh-bone (or femur) joins the large bone of the lower leg (tibia) at the knee joint. During total knee replacement, the end of the femur bone is replaced with a metal shell. The end of the lower bone is removed and replaced with a channeled plastic piece with a metal stem. Depending on the condition of the kneecap portion of the knee, a button may be added under the kneecap surface. The artificial components or prosthesis will restore the movement of the knee joint and will completely cure the stiffness and pain of patients.

The posterior cruciate ligament is a tissue that supports each side of the knee-joint so that the lower leg won’t slide back to the thigh-bone. While doing total knee replacement surgery, this ligament is either retained, sacrificed, or replaced by a polyethylene post. Each one of these various designs of total knee replacement has its individual particular benefits and risks.

Post Surgery Measures

Total knee replacement usually requires one-and-a-half to three hours of operation time. Post-surgery patients are shifted to a recovery room, where the vital organs are regularly monitored.

When stabilised, patients are returned to their hospital room. In the postoperative period, the passage of urine will be difficult, so a catheter would be inserted into the urethra to allow free passage of urine until the patient becomes more mobile.

Physical therapy is a very important part of rehabilitation and requires complete participation of the patient for their optimal recovery. Patients can start doing therapy sessions 48 hours after surgery.

Patients can expect some degree of pain, discomfort, and stiffness during the early days of physical therapy. Knee immobilizers are utilized to stabilize the knee while undergoing physical therapy, walking, and sleeping. They may be removed under the guidance of the physical therapist during various portions of physical therapy.

Precautions Patients Should Consider After Discharge

For optimal recovery, patients should undergo a physical therapy program along with home exercises during the healing process. The physio will consult patients to continue exercising the muscles around the replaced joint to prevent scarring(and contracture). It helps to maintain muscle strength for joint stability. Exercises after surgery decrease recovery time and enhance optimal strength along with stability.

The surgeon will examine the wound for healing. Patients should also be careful to warning signs of infection, including abnormal redness, increasing warmth, swelling or unusual pain. It is important to report to the doctor if any injury to the joint occurs.

Extensive sports like running or contact sports should be avoided. Leisure sports like golf, swimming is considered ideal. Such sports improve muscle strength and endurance exerting no pressure or stress to the replaced joint.

Patients thereafter must alert their doctors and dentists that they have an artificial joint. These joints can risk bacterial infections if they are introduced by any invasive procedures, and infections from elsewhere in the body or from surgery, dental or gum procedures, urological and endoscopic procedures.

A physician will prescribe antibiotics before, during and after any elective procedures to prevent infection of the replaced joint. At rare instances, patients with total knee replacements may require a second operation, years later. The second operation would become necessary due to loosening, fracture or other complications.

Little flower hospital and research centre is recognized as one of the best knee replacement surgery hospitals in Kerala. They provide the best medical services for ortho related conditions and disorders.

To know more about clinical therapy for knee and joint therapy click here —>The best knee replacement hospital in Kerala.

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